The Role of the Hanafi Madhhab in the Formation of Religious Thought During the Golden Horde Period

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Abstract

The article reveals the role of the Hanafi madhhab in shaping religious understanding during the Golden Horde period. The adoption of Islam in this prominent medieval state of the 13th–15th centuries is regarded as one of the most significant historical milestones. The conversion of notable khans to Islam became a key factor in the Islamization of the population. Berke Khan (1255–1266), one of the first rulers to embrace Islam, introduced the faith into his khanate and greatly contributed to its spread within the Golden Horde. During his reign, Islam began to spread among the Mongol nobility. Later, under Uzbek Khan (1313–1340), Islam was declared the official religion of the Golden Horde, leading to its widespread acceptance and profound influence on the state’s culture and politics. Khan Janibek continued Uzbek Khan’s legacy, further strengthening Islam’s position. During this period, Islam played an important role in the daily life and culture of the Golden Horde’s population. The spread of Islam also led to the widespread use of Arabic script, contributing to the advancement of education and science. The long-standing religious and diplomatic alliance between the rulers of the Golden Horde and the Mamluks reflected their spiritual and cultural affinity. Historical sources confirm the dominance of the Hanafi school of law, whose adaptability in harmonizing Sharia with local customs ensured its persistence and influence in the region.