EFFECTIVENESS OF PROGNOSTIC SCALES IN BREAST CANCER WITHIN THE ONCOLOGY SERVICE OF KAZAKHSTAN

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Abstract

The primary aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive comparative evaluation of the accuracy, clinical effectiveness, and applicability of the TNM, Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI), and other international prognostic models based on biological and pathological parameters in predicting breast cancer outcomes within the oncology service of Kazakhstan. This retrospective study was conducted using data from the national cancer registry and medical records of regional oncology centers for the period 2015–2025. Patients’ demographic characteristics, tumor features, TNM stage, histological grade, lymph node status, molecular subtypes, and treatment strategies were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and R software. The expected findings may indicate that relying solely on the TNM scale as an anatomical classifier is insufficient for prognostic assessment of breast cancer in Kazakhstan. Gradual implementation of the Nottingham Prognostic Index in clinical practice may improve risk stratification, support more personalized treatment selection, and enhance the overall effectiveness of oncological care.