POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CHANGES IN THE LATE PERIOD OF THE KHOREZM STATE

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Abstract

This article, based on historical and archaeological research, analyzes the history of the Khorezm state in the late 12th and 13th centuries. It examines the complex relationships between the domestic politics and population of the Khorezm rulers, their reforms aimed at centralizing the state, their experience organizing the armed forces, and diplomatic relations with neighboring states. It also examines changes in urban governance, the main directions of economic policy, the strategic role of international trade routes, the expansion of trade networks, urbanization, and urban life from the perspective of their influence. The Mongol conquests of the Khorezm city-states in the late period, their economic development, the role of colonizers, and the development of the Mongol-Tatar people are examined. This period in the history of Khorezm is assessed as a clear transition from political instability to regional dominance, from internal conflicts to a centralized state structure. This study allows us to consider the modern political direction of the study of the history of Khorezm, the economy, and important factors for this research. The study examines political changes in the Khorezm state during this period, the dynamics of the relationship between education and the elite, the development of the city's economy, and the development of the Syr Darya region. This period in the history of Khorezm is viewed as an important stage in the transition from political instability to regional dominance, from internal conflicts to a centralized state structure. The work analyzes the historical experience of Khorezm, its economic, political, and cultural development, as well as its experience of international trade and diplomatic relations.