Исследование происхождения скифов по письменным источникам
205 174
Ключевые слова:
İskitler, Bozkir, Göçebe Kültürü, Sakalar, Demir Çaği.Аннотация
Наряду с греческими, китайскими, персидскими и ассирийскими данными, находки из археологических раскопок имеют важное значение для изучения истории и культуры скифов. Несмотря на проведенные многими учеными исследования происхождения скифов, которые, принимая участие в исторических событиях от Маньчжурии до Венгрии, от Кавказа до Египта, «творили историю, но не писали ее», не было достигнуто консенсуса среди ученых. Письменные и археологические данные о происхождении скифов являются не достаточными. С того момента как начались исследования скифов, были подняты вопросы об их происхождении и были высказаны различные мнения. E.Х. Миннс отмечает важность этого вопроса, говоря, что: «Ни один вопрос, связанный с этнографией, возможно, не обсуждался так же, как проблема происхождения скифов». По этому вопросу, который занимает умы, в ходе исследований, проведенных с XVIII века по наши дни, были выдвинуты различные мнения. Некоторые ученые утверждали, что скифы принадлежали к иранам, некоторые – к славянам, а некоторые – к урало-алтайским народам. Соответственно, возникают три различные точки зрения о происхождении скифов. В данной статье происхождение скифов рассматривается в свете письменных источников.
Библиографические ссылки
Durmuş, İlhami, İskitler [Scythians]. Akçağ Yayinlari, Ankara, 2012. [in Turkish]
Herrmann, Albert, “Die Saken und der Skythenzug des Dareios” [The Saks and the Scythian train of Darius], Beihefts zur Archiv für Orientforschung I., 1933, 157–170. [in German]
Herodotos, Herodotos Tarihi [The History of Herodotus], (Çev. Müntekim Ökmen), Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1973. [in Turkish]
Minns, Ellis H., Scythians and Greeks, University Press, Cambridge, 1913.
Herrmann, Albert, “Sakai”, Paulys Real Encyclopaedie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart, II Al, 1921, 1770–1806. [in German]
Kretschmer, Karl, “Scythae”, Paulys Real Encyclopâdie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart, II A 1, 1921, 923-942. [in German]
Junge, Julius, Saka-Studien, Der Fern Nordosten in Weltbild der Antike [Saka Studies, the Far Northeast in the worldview of antiquity], Dieterichsch Verlagsbuchhandlung, Leipzig, 1939. [in German]
Von Der Osten, Hans Hennig, Die Welt der Perser [The World of the Persians], Gustav Kil-pert Verlag, Stuttgart, 1956. [in German]
Potratz, Johannes, Die Skythen in Südrussland, Ein untergangenes Volk in Südosteuropa [The Scythians in the South of Russia, the Lost people in Southeastern Europe], Raggi Verlag, Basel, 1963. [in German]
Rostovtzeff, Mikhail, İ., Iranians and Greeks in South Russia, Russel and Ruslell, New York, 1969.
Grousset, Rene, Bozkir İmparatorluğu [Empire of the Steppe]. (Çev. Reşat Uzmen), Ötüken Neşriyat A.Ş., İstanbul, 1980. [in Turkish]
Memiş, Ekrem, İskitler'in Tarihi [History of the Scythians]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Basimevi, Konya, 1987. [in Turkish]
Grote, George, History of Greece, III, Harper, New York, 1857.
Kiepert, Heinrich, Lehrbuch der alten Geographie [Textbook of Ancient Geography], II, Dietrich, Berlin, 1878. [in German]
Mordtmann, Andreas David, “Über die Keilinschriften zweiter Gattung“ [On cuneiform inscriptions of the second kind], Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, XXIV, 1870, 1-85. [in German]
Kuun, Geza, Codex Cumanicus’un Önsözü [Foreword to the Codex Cumanicus], Budapest Oriental Reprints, Budapest, 1981. [in Turkish]
Minns, Ellis H. “The Scythians and Northern Nomads”, The Cambridge Ancient History, IX, 1970, 187-205.
Franke, Otto, Beitrâge aus Chinesischen Quellen zur Kenntnis der Türk-völker und Skythen Zentralasiens? [Do you contribute from Chinese sources to the knowledge of the Turkic peoples and Scythians of Central Asia?] 1904. [in German]
Treidler, Hans, “Die Skythen und ihre Nachbarvölker” [The Scythians and their neighboring peoples], Archiv für Anthropologie, 13, 1915, 280-307. [in German]
Meyer, Eduard, Geschichte des Altertums [History of antiquity], 1, 2., Cotto, Berlin, 1926. [in German] 21. Huntingford, G.W.B., “Who were the Scythians?” Anthropos, XXX, 1935, 785-795. 22. Ruben, Walter, “Biyografi Tarihi için Türk, İranve Hint Materyalleri: Kyros- Keyhüsrwv- Krisna- Afrasyab- Alper Tunga” [Turkish, Iranian and Indian Materials for the History of Biography: Kyros- Keyhusrwv- Krisna- Afrasyab- Alper Tunga], D.T.C.F. Yillik Çalişmalari Dergisi, I, 1940-1941. [in Turkish] 23. Arsal, Sadri Maksudi, Orta Asya, Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatlari Eserinin Müsveddeleri [Central Asia, The Main Lines of Turkish History], Ankara, 1930. [in Turkish] 24. Günaltay, M. Şemsettin, “Türk Tarih Tezi Hakkindaki İntihalarin Mahiyeti ve Tezin Kat'î Zaferi” [The Nature of the Plagiarism about the Turkish History Thesis and the Victory of the Thesis], Belleten, II, 1938, 337-365. [in Turkish] 25. Togan, A. Zeki Velidi, Umumî Türk Tarihine Giriş [Introduction to Public Turkish History], I., İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayinlari, İstanbul, 1981. [in Turkish] 26. Kirzioğlu, M. Fahrettin, Kars Tarihi [History of Kars], Işil Matbaasi, İstanbul, 1953. [in Turkish] 27. Guboğlu, Mihail, “Romen Ulusunun Eski Türk Kavimleri ile İlişkileri Hakkinda” [About the Relations of the Romanian Nation with the Ancient Turkic Tribes], VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, II, 1981, 751-781. [in Turkish]
Tarhan, M. Taner, “Eskiçağ'da Kimmerler Problemi” [The Problem of Cimmerians in Antiquity], VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, I, Ankara: 1979, 355-369. [in Turkish] 29. Ögel, Bahaeddin, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Tarihi-I [History of the Great Hun Empire-I], Kültür Bakanliği Yayinlari, Ankara, 1981. [in Turkish] 30. Seyidof, Mireli, Azerbaycan Halkinin Soy Kökünü Düşünürken [When Considering the Genealogical Root of the Azerbaijani People], Yazici Neşriyati, Bakü, 1989. [in Azerbaijani] 31. Öztuna, Yilmaz, Devletler ve Hanedanlar, İlk Çağ ve Asya-Afrika Devletleri [States and Dynasties, the First Age and Asian-African States], Kültür Bakanliği Yayinlari, Ankara, 1990. [in Turkish] 32. Koca, Salim, Türk Kültürünün Temelleri [Basics of Turkish Culture], Damla Neşriyat, İstanbul, 1990. [in Turkish] 33. Durmuş, İlhami, “İskitlerin Kimliği”, Türkler [“The Identity of the Scythians”, the Turks], I, Yeni Türkiye Yayinlari, Ankara, 2002, 620-627. [in Turkish] 34. Durmuş, İlhami, İskitler (Sakalar) [Scythians (Sakalar)], Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanliği Yayinlari, Ankara, 2008. [in Turkish]
Durmuş, İlhami; “Eskiçağ Anadolu’sunda Türk İzlerine Dair Tespit ve öneriler” [Determination and suggestions about Turkish Traces in Ancient Anatolia], Oannes Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştirmalari Dergisi, 2, 2019, 95-116. [in Turkish]
Durmuş, İlhami, “Kazakistan’da Sakalar” [Sakalar in Kazakhstan], Asya Araştirmalari Dergisi, 3/2, Güz 2019, 185-198. [in Turkish] 37. Strabon, The Geography of Strabo, (Çev. Horace Leonard Jones), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1969. 38. Gryaznov, Mihail Petroviç, Arzhan, Tsarskii Kurgan Ranneskifskogo Vremeni [The Royal burial mound of the Early Scythian time], Nauka, Leningrad, 1980. [in Russian]
Bang, W.-R. R. Arat, Oğuz Kağan Destani [The Oguz Khagan Saga], Burhaneddin Matbaasi, İstanbul, 1936. [in Turkish]
Tarhan, M. Taner, “Ön Asya Dünyasinda İlk Türkler Kimmerler ve İskitler” [The First Turks in the Pre-Asian World were the Cimmerians and the Scythians], Türkler, Cilt I, Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayinlari, 2002, 597-610. [in Turkish] 41. Tuna, Osman Nedim, Sümer ve Türk Dillerinin Tarihî İlgisi ile Türk Dilinin Yaşi Meselesi [The Question of the Historical Relevance of the Sumerian and Turkic Languages and the Age of the Turkic Language], Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari, Ankara, 1990. [in Turkish] 42. Süleymanov, Olcas, “Ceti Sudin Köne Cazbalari” [Ancient inscriptions of semirechye], Kazak Edebiyati, 25 Eylül 1970, 1-3. [in Kazakh] 43. Ergin, Muharrem, Orhun Abideleri [Orhun Monuments], Boğaziçi Basim ve Yayinevi, İstanbul, 1991. [in Turkish] 44. Durmuş, İlhami, “Massagetler” [Are massaget], Bilig, 3, 1996, 86-91. [in Turkish] 45. Durmuş, İlhami, “Bozkir Kültürnün Oluşumu ve Gelişminde At” [In the Formation and Development of Steppe Culture, the Horse], G.Ü. F.E.F. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2, 1997, 13- 19. [in Turkish] 46. Koppers, Wilhelm, “Etnolojiye Dayanan Cihan Tarihinin Işiği Altinda İlk Türklük ve İlk İndo Germenlik” [The First Turkishness and the First Indo-Germanism in the Light of the History of the World Based on Ethnology], Belleten, V, 17- 18, 1941, 439-480. [in Turkish] 47. Kafesoğlu, İbrahim, Türk Milli Kültürü [Turkish National Culture], Boğaziçi Yayinlari, İstanbul, 1989. [in Turkish] 48. Buluç, Sadettin, “Şaman” [Shaman], İslam Ansiklopedisi, Milli Eğitim Basimevi, İstanbul, 1979, 310-335. [in Turkish] 49. Tarhan, Tansuğ, “İskitler'in Dini İnanç ve Adetleri” [Religious Beliefs and Customs of the Scythians], Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 1969, 145-170. [in Turkish] 50. Jones, W.H.S., Hippokrates, The Loeb Classical Library, London. 51. Parker, Ellis H., A Thousand Years of the Tartars, Kegan Paul Alfred, New York, 1924. 52. Biçurin, Nikita Yakovieviç, Sabronie Svedeniy o narodah obitavşih v Sredney Azii v drevnie Vremena [Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times], İzdvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskova, 1950. [in Russian] 53. İnan, Abdulkadir, “Eski Türkler'de ve Folklorda Ant” [The Oath In Ancient Turks and Folklore], Makaleler ve İncelemeler, I, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, Ankara, 1987, 317-330. [in Turkish] 54. Rudenko, Sergei İ., Kultura Naseleniya Gornogo Altaya v Skifskoe Vremya [Culture of the population of the Altai Mountains in the Scythian period], İzdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva, 1953. [in Russian] 55. Konyali, İbrahim Hakki, “Mumya ve Türkler'de Mumyacilik” [Mummies and Mummification in the Turks], Tarih Konuşuyor, III, 15, 1969, 1196-1199. [in Turkish] 56. Togan, A. Zeki Velidi, Türk İli (Türkistan) ve Yakin Tarihi [The Turkic Province (Turkestan) and Its Recent History], I., Arkadaş, İbrahim Horoz ve Güven Basimevleri, İstanbul, 1942. [in Turkish] 57. Kudayberdiuli, Şakerim, Türk - Kirgiz - Kazak Hem Hanlar Şeceresi [Genealogy of Both Turkic - Kyrgyz - Kazakh Khans], Sana Neşriyati, Alma- Ati, 1991. [in Kazakh] 58. Hayit, Baymirza, Sovyetler Birliğindeki Türklüğün ve İslamin Bazi Meseleleri [Some Issues of Turkishness and Islam in the Soviet Union], Türk Dünyasi Araştirmalari Vakfi, İstanbul, 1987. [in Turkish] 59. Seyidof, Mireli, “Altin Muharibin Soy Etnik Talihi Hakkinda” [About the Genealogical Ethnic Fortune of the Golden Muharib], Kardaş Edebiyatlar, V, 1983, 30-39. [in Turkish]
