Turkology

MUAMMA (ENIGMA) GENRE IN 20TH CENTURY UZBEK LITERATURE

2023-03-30T06:44:03+00:00

The history, literary position, historical development, and literary aspects of muamma (enigma) poetry in Uzbek literature have not been adequately examined. Poets such as Atayi, Hafiz from Harezm, and Haydar Harezmî, who wrote until the time of Nevaî, were aware of the muamma genre and its characteristics. Sheikh Ahmed Terazi devoted a special section to the muamma genre in his work “Fünunü'l-belaga”. The number, meaning, literary features, and breadth of the muammas written by Ali Şir Nevaî in Turkish are sufficient to understand the importance that the poet attached to this poetry. Many poets who wrote poems in various muamma types emerged in the literary school of this period. It is known that after Nevaî, Babur (1483–1530) wrote 54 enigmas in Turkish, Ubeydî (1486–1540) wrote 8, Munis (1778–1829) wrote 68, and his brother Muhammedrıza Âgehî (1809–1894) wrote 80 muammas. Since the 20th century, some classic poetry genres have been given less importance by poets, and the muamma genre can be added to this list. In 20th century Uzbek literature, muamma poems can be found among the works of some poets, demonstrating the continuation of the muamma genre in Uzbek literature. These poems feature new elements in addition to the traditional muamma elements. However, these aspects have not been adequately studied. This article aims to uncover the genre characteristics, purpose, and literary aspects of muamma poems by examining the muammas of Uzbek poets who lived in the 20th century.

A. MARGULAN ON THE TRADITION OF KORKYT AND KOBYZ (Hermeneutic Vision)

2023-03-30T07:46:03+00:00

The article provides a thorough analysis of A. Margulan's ideas on Korkyt and kobyz, which have been extensively studied in Kazakh folklore. It is known that seven chapters of the scientist's book “Ежелгі жыр, аңыздар” [Ancient Epics and Legends] are dedicated to Korkyt, which include ancient words and legends about him, as well as the opinions of medieval scholars. Additionally, the article discusses the reflections of Korkyt's legends preserved in Kazakh folklore, his struggle with death, and the Korkyt tradition in folk music. The author of the article re-examines A. Margulan's ideas on a hermeneutic basis and analyzes their conformity with the requirements of modern scientific thought. The article addresses various questions, such as the number of Korkyts in history, his lineage (whether he was of Oguz, Kypchak or Arab descent), the existence of a tradition passed down since the time of Korkyt, whether the legends can be considered as historical sources, whether Korkyt lived in Zhankent, whether he struggled with death, the meaning of the word "Korkyt," and whether he played the kopuz or dombra. The author presents analyses of each of these questions in the article. Additionally, the article addresses the methodological errors made by later researchers who rely solely on the information provided in A. Margulan's writings. Based on this, the article concludes that scientific knowledge should rely on absolute truth, rather than on the personal reputation of individual scientists.

THE USE OF COMPOUND VERB IDIOMS WITH VERBAL ADVERB SUFFIXES IN THE NOVEL “ÇALIKUŞU”

2023-03-30T08:10:07+00:00

Idioms have an essential place in Turkish vocabulary. Used often in written and spoken language and coming into existence in different forms, idioms are a vital vocabulary component of the Turkish language with the charm and efficiency they provide to the narration. Idioms are expressions that are frequently used in literary language as well as in spoken language. This article focuses on the use of idioms consisting of compound verbs used together with verbal adverb suffixes in Reşat Nuri Güntekin’s novel “Çalıkuşu (The Wren).” Almost 1050 compound verbs were detected in Çalıkuşu. This situation in Çalıkuşu, having an extremely high density of idiom use, is also one of the indicators of the author’s mastery of the Turkish language. Idioms, which are examples of the richness of the Turkish language's expressive possibilities, can also be considered as one of the reasons for the success of the Çalıkuşu in terms of narration. A language is a collection of systems. The narration occurs due to the connection of all components existing within a language. Literary language is also formed due to the highest, most aesthetic, and most versatile use of the expressive possibilities of a language. In this regard, Reşat Nuri Güntekin's novel Çalıkuşu is the value of the recent era of Turkish literature that should be emphasized much more with its language and narrative fiction. The components, named as compound verbs in terms of grammar, come in various forms in Turkish syntax. In this study, the combinations of compound verbs with verbal adverb suffixes are classified and exemplified functionally.

PHONETICAL AND GRAMMATICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE BOOK «KISSA- I DASTAN- I GENGHIS KHAN- NARRATION OF THE DASTAN KHAZRET-I MIR TEMUR» BY ABDURAKHMAN OZKENDI

2023-03-30T08:21:44+00:00

The article deals with a linguistic point of view the book "Kissa-i dastans of Genghis Khan ~ Tales of the saga of Hazrat-i Mir Temur", written by Abdurakhman Ozkendi in the Turkestan region in 1228/1813 according to Hijrah calendar. First of all, the variants of "Genghisnama" and "Timurnama" are considered, which contain historical and literary works devoted to the life and exploits of Genghis Khan and Amir Temir, in connection with these variants, a brief overview of scientific studies published in various countries, such as Turkey, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Japan, Tatarstan and etc. were given. In particular, emphasizing the conclusions related to language features, information about scientific works is offered. Based on historical-comparative and comparative methods, a scientific description of the written materials of ancient, medieval and modern Turkic languages is given, based on lexical, phonetic and morphological peculiarities. Among them, the linguistic indicators of the Kipchak, Oguz and Karluk languages are clarified, and the predominance of characteristic peculiarities is evaluated. In the language of the monument there are some dialect elements that do not correspond to the norms of the literary language of any of the Turkic languages, but are used in the dialects of localities.

A Unique Novel in Tatar Literature: Çuvaş Kızı Enise as an Ethnographic Fiction

2023-03-30T08:33:57+00:00

The activities of Zarif Beşirî, who collaborated with leading figures such as Galimcan İbrahimov, were founded on an intellectual basis of strengthening relations between the Kazan and Turkistan regions. What sets him apart among Tatar intellectuals, however, is his interest in the Chuvash people. During a period when debates on naming the Tatar identity were only just beginning, and the concept of nationality was perceived as being religion-based, Beşirî authored the first ethnographic work on the Chuvash people in Tatar publications, a largely Christianized Turkish community in the region. Subsequently, he drew on this same knowledge to publish the first literary work in Tatar literature that focused on the Chuvash people, titled "Enise, the Chuvash Girl," which was largely based on his own life. The parallels between these two works demonstrate that the latter, while a literary work, may also be considered an ethnographic fiction. This study aims to comparatively analyze the information and observations that the author implicitly or explicitly depicted in his novel “Çuvaş Kızı Enise” regarding the culture, way of life, and social transformation of the Chuvash people in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, which were not included in his first work on the Chuvash people entitled "Chuvash People," in relation to other sources of the period. The novel is seen to have offered the author a more flexible framework in terms of ethnographic narration.

A WORK THAT SHEDS LIGHT ON THE UZBEK JADID THEATER: AN EXAMINATION OF ÇOLPAN'S PLAY NAMED YARKINAY

2023-03-30T08:55:58+00:00

“Jadidism”, also known as the "Awakening Era," began in the middle of the nineteenth century with the newspaper Tercüman, which was published by Ismail Gaspirali. This intellectual movement quickly spread. While building a society that lagged behind the rest of the world, the jadid intellectuals, who try to provide support from all directions, have a profession that can directly influence and direct the public, such as writers, poets, linguists and journalists. After Abdülhamid Süleymanoğlu Çolpan started to enlighten his people with newspaper articles, he aimed to awaken national consciousness with the subjects he dealt with in his poems. Being intertwined with world literature, Çolpan also introduced himself to the public as an exemplary intellectual by translating books on valuable items from different countries. Çolpan, who used plain and fluent language, especially in theater plays, to reach the public more, used literature and authors to raise his people's awareness of his people, like other jadid intellectuals. Examining Yarkınay play, which is a historical dramatic play, with Lucien Goldmann's structuralist method, Öztürkçü wrote a review that will guide readers and researchers.

THE USE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN THE WORKS OF İBRAHİM HALDUN TANER

2023-05-02T11:01:21+00:00

After identifying the name of İbrahim Haldun Taner, who wrote works in both modern story and theater in Turkish literature, in the population records and providing information about his educational life, family life, and the environment in which he was raised, this study examines his use of foreign languages in his works. Despite being a well-known playwright, it has been noticed that there is no serious research on Taner's real name and family, and that previous information has been based on hearsay. In Haldun Taner's theaters, he especially benefited from foreign languages due to the environment he grew up in and the writers who influenced him. By incorporating French, Italian, and English words into Turkish sentences, the author has gained a meaningful perspective. We can say that the main feature of benefiting from these languages is the influence of authors who wrote in those languages. This study scientifically determines which foreign language İbrahim Haldun Taner was influenced by and to what extent, based on all of his works. We believe that this study will shed light on future research on the author, guide and encourage new studies to be conducted, and make a separate contribution to Turkish literature by focusing on language use.