Measuring Social Interactions between Some Captive Animals Using Social Network Analysis in Duhok Zoo
29
Ключевые слова:
social network, zoo, social interactionsАннотация
The present study was designed to measure social connection in three captive animals in Duhok zoo, including the American white pelican, wild dogs, and red deer, using Social Network Analysis (SNA). The present study was carried out at Duhok Zoo. The study was undertaken from October to December 2021. Three species of captive animals were used for this study, which were: the American white pelican, wild dogs, and red deer. Their numbers were 5, 7, and 6, respectively. Data were collected from the studied animals using direct observations of social interactions. According to the results found with the three species studied, all individuals have social interactions with each other. From the present study, according to the results found, it can be concluded that the social bonding was acceptable to some degree as strong relations were found between some individuals of all the three species studied; although some individuals were not socially connected at all.
Библиографические ссылки
Archie EA, Tung J, Clark M, Altmann J and Alberts SC 2014 Social affiliation matters: both same-sex and opposite-sex relationships predict survival in wild female baboons. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281: 20141261.
Barrat, A., Barthelemy, M., Pastor-Satorras, R. & Vespignani, A. (2004) The architecture of complex weighted networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 3747–3752.
Bّe KE and Fوrevik G 2003 Grouping and social preferences in calves, heifers and cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 80: 175-190.
Bercovitch FB and Berry PS 2012 Herd composition, kinship and fission–fusion social dynamics among wild giraffe. African Journal of Ecology 51: 206-216.
Boccia ML, Scanlan JM, Laudenslager ML, Berger CL, Hijazi AS and Reite ML 1997 Juvenile friends, behavior, and immune responses to separation in bonnet macaque infants. Physiology & Behaviour 61: 191-198
Borgatti S 2006 Identifying sets of key players in a social network. Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory 12: 2134.
Borgatti SP, Everett MG and Johnson JC 2013 Analysing Social Networks. Sage: London, UK
Bracke MBM and Hopster H 2006 Assessing the importance of natural behavior for animal welfare. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 19: 77-89.
Christakis, N.A. & Fowler, J.H. (2007) The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 370–379.
Clark FE 2011 Space to choose: network analysis of social preferences in a Captive chimpanzee community, and Implications for management. American Journal of Primatology 73: 748-757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20903
Croft DP, James R and Krause J 2008 Exploring animal social networks. Princeton University Press: Princeton, USA
Croft DP, Krause J and James R 2004 Social networks in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 271: S516-S519.
Farine, D.R. and Whitehead, H., 2015. Constructing, conducting and interpreting animal social network analysis. Journal of animal ecology, 84(5), pp.1144-1163.
Fürtbauer I, Heistermann M, Schülke O and Ostner J 2014 Low female stress hormone levels are predicted by sameor opposite-sex sociality depending on season in wild Assamese macaques. Psychoneuroendocrinology 48: 19-28.
Hill SP and Broom DM 2009 Measuring zoo animal welfare: theory and practice. Zoo Biology 28: 531-544
Hinde, R.A. (1976) Interactions, relationships and social-structure. Man, 11,1–17.
Krause J and Ruxton GD 2002 Living in Groups. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK
Krause J, Croft DP and James R 2007 Social network theory in the behavioural sciences: potential applications. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62: 15-27.
Krause J, Lusseau D and James R 2009 Animal social networks: an introduction. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63: 967973.
Lehmann J and Boesch C 2009 Sociality of the dispersing sex: the nature of social bonds in West African female chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. Animal Behaviour 77: 377-387.
Makagon MM, McCowan B and Mench JA 2012 How can social network analysis contribute to social behavior research in applied ethology? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 138: 152-161.
Melfi V 2009 There are big gaps in our knowledge, and thus approach, to zoo animal welfare: a case for evidence-based zoo animal management. Zoo Biology 28: 574-588
Price EE and Stoinski TS 2007 Group size: determinants in the wild and implications for the captive housing of wild mammals in zoos. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 103: 255-264
Rose, P.E. and Croft, D.P., 2015. The potential of Social Network Analysis as a tool for the management of zoo animals. Animal Welfare, 24(2), pp.123-138.
Silk JB 2007a The adaptive value of sociality in mammalian groups. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362: 539-559
Silk JB 2007b Social components of fitness in primate groups. Science 317: 1347-1351.
Silk JB, Beehner JC, Bergman TJ, Crockford C, Engh AL, Moscovice LR, Wittig RM, Seyfarth RM and Cheney DL 2009 The benefits of social capital: close social bonds among female baboons enhance offspring survival. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276: 3099-3104.
Silk JB, Beehner JC, Bergman TJ, Crockford C, Engh AL, Moscovice LR, Wittig RM, Seyfarth RM and Cheney DL 2009 The benefits of social capital: close social bonds among female baboons enhance offspring survival. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276: 3099-3104.
Silk JB, Beehner JC, Bergman TJ, Crockford C, Engh AL, Moscovice LR, Wittig RM, Seyfarth RM and Cheney DL 2010a Female chacma baboons form strong, equitable, and enduring social bonds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 64: 1733-1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-0986-0
Silk JB, Beehner JC, Bergman TJ, Crockford C, Engh AL, Moscovice LR, Wittig RM, Seyfarth RM and Cheney DL 2010b Strong and consistent social bonds enhance the longevity of female baboons. Current Biology 20: 1359-1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.05.067
Sueur C, Jacobs A, Amblard F, Petit O and King AJ 2011 How can social network analysis improve the study of primate behavior? American Journal of Primatology 73: 703-719
Swedell L 2002 Affiliation among females in wild hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas). International Journal of Primatology 23: 1205-1226.
Wakefield M 2008 Grouping patterns and competition among female Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 29: 907-929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-008-9280-7
Wakefield ML 2013 Social dynamics among females and their influence on social structure in an East African chimpanzee community. Animal Behaviour 85: 1303-1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.03.019
Wasserman S, Faust K (1994) Social network analysis: methods and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Whitham JC and Wielebnowski N 2013 New directions for zoo animal welfare science. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 147: 247-260
Wiszniewski J, Allen SJ and Mِller LM 2009 Social cohesion in a hierarchically structured embayment population of IndoPacific bottlenose dolphins. Animal Behaviour 77: 1449-1457.
Wiszniewski J, Lusseau D and Mِller LM 2010 Female bisexual kinship ties maintain social cohesion in a dolphin network. Animal Behaviour 80: 895-904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.08.013
Wittemyer G, Douglas-Hamilton I and Getz WM 2005 The socioecology of elephants: analysis of the processes creating multitiered social structures. Animal Behaviour 69: 1357-1371.
Wittig RM, Crockford C, Lehmann J, Whitten PL, Seyfarth RM and Cheney DL 2008 Focused grooming networks and stress alleviation in wild female baboons. Hormones and Behaviour 54: 170177.